SUBJECT · Complete Bible Study

Food

Originally the Creator granted the use of the vegetable world for food to man (Gen. 1:29), with the exception mentioned (2:17). This unified study connects 8 installed resource categories without replacing their source records.

View overview sources

Historical Reference: Nave’s Topical Bible — Public domain
Historical Reference: Easton’s Bible Dictionary (1897)
Historical Reference: concordance
Historical Reference: Open Scriptures Hebrew Bible lexical data / BDB-Strong mapping
Historical Reference: STEPBible TBESG (based primarily on Abbott-Smith)
Historical Reference: A Greek-English Lexicon to the New Testament
Historical Reference: Installed reference work
UNLEARN Synthesis: UNLEARN reviewed seed connections

540Scriptures 23Strong's 34Lexicons 1Dictionaries 1Topics 901Occurrences 20Ancient References 33UNLEARN Studies 1Connections

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Study overview

Study at a glance

Subject type: Subject
Strong’s: H0400, H0402, H1267, H1279, H3978, H4202, H4203, G1033, G1305, G1979, G5160, G5527, G6079, G7043, G8262, G20860, G1035, H2964, H3899, H4361
Hebrew: אֹ֫כֶל · ʼôkel
Greek: βρῶμα · brōma

Strong’s and original-language information

Open Scriptures Hebrew Bible lexical data / BDB-Strong mapping

אֹ֫כֶל

H0400

Transliteration: ʼôkel
Pronunciation: o'-kel
Language: Hebrew
Indexed occurrences: 44

Glosses

food, eating, food, meal(-time), meat, prey, victuals.

Lexicon definition

food

Open Scriptures Hebrew Bible lexical data / BDB-Strong mapping

אָכְלָה

H0402

Transliteration: ʼoklâh
Pronunciation: ok-law'
Language: Hebrew
Indexed occurrences: 18

Glosses

food, eating, consume, devour, eat, food, meat.

Lexicon definition

food

Open Scriptures Hebrew Bible lexical data / BDB-Strong mapping

בָּרוּת

H1267

Transliteration: bârûwth
Pronunciation: baw-rooth
Language: Hebrew
Indexed occurrences: 1

Glosses

food, in, as, my food, meat.

Lexicon definition

food

Open Scriptures Hebrew Bible lexical data / BDB-Strong mapping

בִּרְיָה

H1279

Transliteration: biryâh
Pronunciation: beer-yaw'
Language: Hebrew
Indexed occurrences: 3

Glosses

food, meat.

Lexicon definition

food

Open Scriptures Hebrew Bible lexical data / BDB-Strong mapping

מַאֲכָל

H3978

Transliteration: maʼăkâl
Pronunciation: mah-ak-awl'
Language: Hebrew
Indexed occurrences: 30

Glosses

food, food, fruit, (bake-)meat(-s), victual.

Lexicon definition

an eatable (includ. provender, flesh and fruit)

Open Scriptures Hebrew Bible lexical data / BDB-Strong mapping

מָזוֹן

H4202

Transliteration: mâzôwn
Pronunciation: maw-zone'
Language: Hebrew
Indexed occurrences: 2

Glosses

food, sustenance, meat, victual.

Lexicon definition

food

Open Scriptures Hebrew Bible lexical data / BDB-Strong mapping

מָזוֹן

H4203

Transliteration: mâzôwn
Pronunciation: maw-zone'
Language: Hebrew
Indexed occurrences: 2

Glosses

food, meat.

Lexicon definition

{food}

Abbott-Smith Greek Lexicon

βρῶμα

G1033

Transliteration: brōma
Language: Greek
Part of speech: G:N-N
Indexed occurrences: 17

Glosses

food, meat, victuals

Lexicon definition

βρῶμα, -τος, τό (cf. βιβρώσκω), [in LXX chiefly for אֹכֶל ;] food: Rom.14:15, 20 1Co.8:8, 13 10:3; pl., Mat.14:15, Mrk.7:19, Luk.3:11 9:13, 1Co.6:13, 1Ti.4:3, Heb.9:10 13:9; trop., of spiritual food, Jhn.4:34, 1Co.3:2 (cf. βρῶσις).† (AS)

Abbott-Smith Greek Lexicon

διατροφή

G1305

Transliteration: diatrophē
Language: Greek
Part of speech: G:N-F
Indexed occurrences: 1

Glosses

food

Lexicon definition

δια-τροφή, ῆς, ἡ (διατρέφω, to support, sustain), [in LXX: 1Ma.6:49 * ;] food, nourishment: 1Ti.6:8.† (AS)

Abbott-Smith Greek Lexicon

ἐπισιτισμός

G1979

Transliteration: episitismos
Language: Greek
Part of speech: G:N-M
Indexed occurrences: 1

Glosses

food, victuals

Lexicon definition

ἐπισιτισμός, -οῦ, ὁ (ἐπισιτίζομαι, to supply with provisions), [in LXX: Gen.42:25, al. (צֵידָה), Jdth.2:18 4:5 ;] __1. a foraging. __2. provisions, food: Luk.9:12.† (AS)

Abbott-Smith Greek Lexicon

τροφή

G5160

Transliteration: trophē
Language: Greek
Part of speech: G:N-F
Indexed occurrences: 16

Glosses

food, food, meat

Lexicon definition

τροφή, -ῆς, ἡ (τρέφω), [in LXX for לֶחֶם, מָזוֹן, אֹכֶל, etc. ;] nourishment, food: Mat.3:4 6:25 10:10 24:45, Luk.12:23, Jhn.4:8, Act.2:46 9:19 14:17 27:33-34, 36 27:38 Jas.2:15. Metaphorical: Heb.5:12, 14.† (AS)

Abbott-Smith Greek Lexicon

χόρτασμα

G5527

Transliteration: chortasma
Language: Greek
Part of speech: G:N-N
Indexed occurrences: 1

Glosses

food, sustenance

Lexicon definition

χόρτασμα, -τος, τό (χορτάζω), [in LXX: Gen.24:25, 32 42:27 43:24, Jdg.19:19 (מִסְפּוֹא), Deu.11:16 (עֶשֶׂב), (Sir.33:24) Sir.38:26 * ;] fodder (Polyb., Plut., al.): pl., Act.7:11 (RV, sustenance).† (AS)

Abbott-Smith Greek Lexicon

σιτίον

G6079

Transliteration: sition
Part of speech: G:N-N
Indexed occurrences: 0

Glosses

food

Lexicon definition

1. grain, corn: food made from grain, bread , ποιεῖσθαι σιτία ἀπὸ ὀλυρέων to feed off spelt, (Herdotus Historicus) 2. generally, food, victuals, provisions , (Herdotus Historicus); σιτία ἡμερῶν τριῶν three days' provision , of soldiers, (Aristophanes Comicus); σιτία καὶ ποτά meat and drink, (Plato Philosophus) 3. τἀν Πρυτανείῳ σιτία public maintenance in the Prytaneum, (Aristophanes Comicus); compare σίτησις. 4. rarely food for dogs, (Xenophon Historicus) (ML)

Abbott-Smith Greek Lexicon

ἔδεσμα

G7043

Transliteration: edesma
Part of speech: G:N-N
Indexed occurrences: 0

Glosses

food

Lexicon definition

meat : plural meats , (Batrachomyomachia) (ML)

Abbott-Smith Greek Lexicon

μαχεήλ

G8262

Transliteration: macheēl
Indexed occurrences: 0

Glosses

food

Lexicon definition

food

Abbott-Smith Greek Lexicon

ὀψοποίημα

G20860

Transliteration: opsopoiēma
Indexed occurrences: 0

Glosses

food

Lexicon definition

food

A Greek-English Lexicon to the New Testament

Βρῶμα

G1033

Transliteration: brōma
Language: Greek
Indexed occurrences: 17

Glosses

meat, victuals

Lexicon definition

food, Mat. 14.15. Mar. 7.19, et al.; solid food, 1 Co. 3.2.

A Greek-English Lexicon to the New Testament

Διατροφή

G1305

Transliteration: diatrophḗ
Language: Greek
Indexed occurrences: 1

Glosses

food

Lexicon definition

food, sustenance, 1 Ti. 6.8.

A Greek-English Lexicon to the New Testament

Ἐπισιτισμός

G1979

Transliteration: episitismós
Language: Greek
Indexed occurrences: 1

Glosses

victuals

Lexicon definition

fr. σῖτος) supply of food, provisions, Lu. 9.12.

A Greek-English Lexicon to the New Testament

Σιτίον

G6079

Indexed occurrences: 0

Lexicon definition

provision of corn, food, v.r. Ac. 7.12.

A Greek-English Lexicon to the New Testament

Τροφή

G5160

Transliteration: trophḗ
Language: Greek
Indexed occurrences: 16

Glosses

food, meat

Lexicon definition

nutriment, nourishment, food, Mat. 3.4, et al.; provision, victual, Mat. 24.45; sustenance, maintenance, Mat. 10.10; met. nutriment of the mind, He. 5.12, 14.

A Greek-English Lexicon to the New Testament

Χόρτασμα

G5527

Transliteration: chórtasma
Language: Greek
Indexed occurrences: 1

Glosses

sustenance

Lexicon definition

pasture, provender for cattle; food, provision, sustenance, for men, Ac. 7.11. L.G.

Strong’s Hebrew and Greek Lexicon

βρῶσις

G1035

Transliteration: brōsis
Language: Greek
Indexed occurrences: 11

Glosses

eating, food, meat

Lexicon definition

(abstractly) eating (literally or figuratively)

by extension (concretely) food (literally or figuratively)

Open Scriptures Hebrew Bible lexical data / BDB-Strong mapping

טֶ֫רֶף

H2964

Transliteration: ṭereph
Pronunciation: teh'-ref
Language: Hebrew
Indexed occurrences: 22

Glosses

prey, food, leaf, leaf, meat, prey, spoil.

Lexicon definition

something torn, i.e. a fragment, e.g. a fresh leaf, prey, food

Open Scriptures Hebrew Bible lexical data / BDB-Strong mapping

לֶ֫חֶם

H3899

Transliteration: lechem
Pronunciation: lekh'-em
Language: Hebrew
Indexed occurrences: 297

Glosses

bread, food, (shew-) bread, [idiom] eat, food, fruit, loaf, meat, victuals.

Lexicon definition

food (for man or beast), especially bread, or grain (for making it)

Strong’s Hebrew and Greek Lexicon

διατροφή

G1305

Transliteration: diatrophḗ
Language: Greek
Indexed occurrences: 1

Glosses

food

Lexicon definition

nourishment

Strong’s Hebrew and Greek Lexicon

מַכֹּלֶת

H4361

Transliteration: makkôleth
Pronunciation: mak-ko'-leth
Language: Hebrew
Indexed occurrences: 1

Glosses

food.

Lexicon definition

nourishment

Strong’s Hebrew and Greek Lexicon

אֹכֶל

H0400

Transliteration: ʼôkel
Pronunciation: o'-kel
Language: Hebrew
Indexed occurrences: 44

Glosses

eating, food, meal(-time), meat, prey, victuals.

Lexicon definition

food

Strong’s Hebrew and Greek Lexicon

צֵידָה

H6720

Transliteration: tsêydâh
Pronunciation: tsay-daw'
Language: Hebrew
Indexed occurrences: 9

Glosses

meat, provision, venison, victuals.

Lexicon definition

food

Strong’s Hebrew and Greek Lexicon

לֶחֶם

H3899

Transliteration: lechem
Pronunciation: lekh'-em
Language: Hebrew
Indexed occurrences: 297

Glosses

(shew-) bread, [idiom] eat, food, fruit, loaf, meat, victuals.

Lexicon definition

food (for man or beast), especially bread, or grain (for making it)

Strong’s Hebrew and Greek Lexicon

מָזוֹן

H4202

Transliteration: mâzôwn
Pronunciation: maw-zone'
Language: Hebrew
Indexed occurrences: 2

Glosses

meat, victual.

Lexicon definition

food

Strong’s Hebrew and Greek Lexicon

מָזוֹן

H4203

Transliteration: mâzôwn
Pronunciation: maw-zone'
Language: Hebrew
Indexed occurrences: 2

Glosses

meat.

Lexicon definition

{food}

Strong’s Hebrew and Greek Lexicon

מִסְפּוֹא

H4554

Transliteration: miçpôwʼ
Pronunciation: mis-po'
Language: Hebrew
Indexed occurrences: 5

Glosses

provender.

Lexicon definition

fodder

Strong’s Hebrew and Greek Lexicon

עֶשֶׂב

H6212

Transliteration: ʻeseb
Pronunciation: eh'seb
Language: Hebrew
Indexed occurrences: 38

Glosses

grass, herb.

Lexicon definition

grass (or any tender shoot)

Complete dictionary entries

Easton’s Bible Dictionary (1897)

Food

Originally the Creator granted the use of the vegetable world for food to man (Gen. 1:29), with the exception mentioned (2:17). The use of animal food was probably not unknown to the antediluvians. There is, however, a distinct law on the subject given to Noah after the Deluge (Gen. 9:2-5). Various articles of food used in the patriarchal age are mentioned in Gen. 18:6-8; 25:34; 27:3, 4; 43:11. Regarding the food of the Israelites in Egypt, see Ex. 16:3; Num. 11:5. In the wilderness their ordinary food was miraculously supplied in the manna. They had also quails (Ex. 16:11-13; Num. 11:31). In the law of Moses there are special regulations as to the animals to be used for food (Lev. 11; Deut. 14:3-21). The Jews were also forbidden to use as food anything that had been consecrated to idols (Ex. 34:15), or animals that had died of disease or had been torn by wild beasts (Ex. 22:31; Lev. 22:8). (See also for other restrictions Ex. 23:19; 29:13-22; Lev. 3:4-9; 9:18, 19; 22:8; Deut. 14:21.) But beyond these restrictions they had a large grant from God (Deut. 14:26; 32:13, 14). Food was prepared for use in various ways. The cereals were sometimes eaten without any preparation (Lev. 23:14; Deut. 23:25; 2 Kings 4:42). Vegetables were cooked by boiling (Gen. 25:30, 34; 2 Kings 4:38, 39), and thus also other articles of food were prepared for use (Gen. 27:4; Prov. 23:3; Ezek. 24:10; Luke 24:42; John 21:9). Food was also prepared by roasting (Ex. 12:8; Lev. 2:14). (See [217]COOK.)

Source: Easton’s Bible Dictionary (1897) · View data sources

Concordance

Strong's Concordance

Food

Indexed occurrences: 267

Source: Strong's Concordance · View data sources

Strong's Concordance

Foods

Indexed occurrences: 5

Source: Strong's Concordance · View data sources

All Scripture references540 references

Genesis 51

Exodus 25

Leviticus 28

1 Samuel 23

2 Samuel 15

2 Samuel 3:29 2 Samuel 3:35 2 Samuel 6:19 2 Samuel 9:7 2 Samuel 9:10 2 Samuel 12:3 2 Samuel 12:17 2 Samuel 12:20 2 Samuel 12:21 2 Samuel 13:5 2 Samuel 13:7 2 Samuel 13:10 2 Samuel 16:1 2 Samuel 16:2 2 Samuel 17:29

1 Kings 35

2 Kings 11

2 Kings 4:8 2 Kings 4:38 2 Kings 4:42 2 Kings 6:22 2 Kings 6:25 2 Kings 15:28 2 Kings 15:29 2 Kings 18:27 2 Kings 18:32 2 Kings 25:3 2 Kings 25:29

1 Chronicles 5

1 Chronicles 9:32 1 Chronicles 12:40 1 Chronicles 12:41 1 Chronicles 16:3 1 Chronicles 23:29

2 Chronicles 7

2 Chronicles 4:19 2 Chronicles 9:4 2 Chronicles 11:11 2 Chronicles 11:23 2 Chronicles 13:11 2 Chronicles 18:26 2 Chronicles 28:15

Ezra 4

Ezra 1:9 Ezra 3:7 Ezra 4:14 Ezra 10:6

Nehemiah 8

Nehemiah 5:14 Nehemiah 5:15 Nehemiah 5:18 Nehemiah 9:15 Nehemiah 9:25 Nehemiah 10:34 Nehemiah 13:2 Nehemiah 13:15

Esther 1

Esther 1:3

Job 25

Psalms 36

Proverbs 27

Ecclesiastes 4

Ecclesiastes 9:7 Ecclesiastes 9:11 Ecclesiastes 10:19 Ecclesiastes 11:1

Song of Solomon 1

Song of Solomon 5:1

Isaiah 21

Jeremiah 16

Jeremiah 5:17 Jeremiah 7:33 Jeremiah 11:19 Jeremiah 12:9 Jeremiah 16:4 Jeremiah 16:7 Jeremiah 19:7 Jeremiah 22:15 Jeremiah 34:20 Jeremiah 37:21 Jeremiah 38:9 Jeremiah 41:1 Jeremiah 42:14 Jeremiah 44:17 Jeremiah 52:6 Jeremiah 52:33

Lamentations 6

Lamentations 1:11 Lamentations 1:19 Lamentations 4:4 Lamentations 4:10 Lamentations 5:6 Lamentations 5:9

Ezekiel 38

Daniel 12

Daniel 1:5 Daniel 1:8 Daniel 1:10 Daniel 1:13 Daniel 1:15 Daniel 1:16 Daniel 4:9 Daniel 4:12 Daniel 4:18 Daniel 4:21 Daniel 7:3 Daniel 10:3

Hosea 3

Hosea 2:7 Hosea 9:3 Hosea 9:4

Joel 4

Joel 1:16 Joel 2:6 Joel 2:8 Joel 2:10

Amos 5

Amos 3:4 Amos 4:6 Amos 6:4 Amos 7:12 Amos 8:11

Obadiah 1

Obadiah 1:7

Micah 2

Micah 5:8 Micah 7:14

Nahum 3

Nahum 2:13 Nahum 2:14 Nahum 3:1

Habakkuk 2

Habakkuk 1:16 Habakkuk 3:17

Haggai 1

Haggai 2:12

Malachi 3

Malachi 1:7 Malachi 1:12 Malachi 3:10

Matthew 7

Matthew 3:4 Matthew 4:4 Matthew 6:25 Matthew 7:10 Matthew 14:15 Matthew 24:45 Matthew 26:30

Mark 5

Mark 1:6 Mark 7 Mark 7:1 Mark 7:19 Mark 8:6

Luke 7

Luke 3:11 Luke 9:13 Luke 10:34 Luke 12:23 Luke 15:17 Luke 15:23 Luke 24:42

John 13

John 2:3 John 4:8 John 4:32 John 4:33 John 4:34 John 6:9 John 6:27 John 6:31 John 6:49 John 6:55 John 10:12 John 19:34 John 21:9

Acts 17

Acts 6:1 Acts 7:11 Acts 7:42 Acts 9:19 Acts 10 Acts 12:20 Acts 14:17 Acts 15:20 Acts 15:29 Acts 17:26 Acts 19:29 Acts 21:25 Acts 23:24 Acts 27:21 Acts 27:33 Acts 27:35 Acts 27:36

Romans 2

Romans 14:2 Romans 14:20

1 Corinthians 12

1 Corinthians 3:2 1 Corinthians 6:13 1 Corinthians 8:1 1 Corinthians 8:4 1 Corinthians 8:7 1 Corinthians 8:8 1 Corinthians 8:10 1 Corinthians 9:4 1 Corinthians 9:13 1 Corinthians 10:3 1 Corinthians 10:19 1 Corinthians 10:28

2 Corinthians 2

2 Corinthians 9:10 2 Corinthians 11:27

2 Thessalonians 1

2 Thessalonians 3:8

1 Timothy 3

1 Timothy 4:3 1 Timothy 4:4 1 Timothy 6:8

Hebrews 5

Hebrews 5:12 Hebrews 5:14 Hebrews 6:7 Hebrews 9:10 Hebrews 13:9

James 1

James 2:15

Revelation 2

Revelation 2:14 Revelation 2:20

Topical Bible

Nave's Topical Bible

FOOD

Entry:

Nave’s Topical Bible references for FOOD.

Indexed references: 29

Scripture references:

Source: Nave's Topical Bible · View data sources

Scripture Connections

Matthew 4:4

Yeshua directly quotes Deuteronomy in response to the wilderness temptation.

Sources

Historical Reference: Nave’s Topical Bible — Public domain
Historical Reference: Easton’s Bible Dictionary (1897)
Historical Reference: concordance
Historical Reference: Open Scriptures Hebrew Bible lexical data / BDB-Strong mapping
Historical Reference: STEPBible TBESG (based primarily on Abbott-Smith)
Historical Reference: A Greek-English Lexicon to the New Testament
Historical Reference: Installed reference work
UNLEARN Synthesis: UNLEARN reviewed seed connections

Ancient Context20 items

Josephus Antiquities Whiston

What Things Befell Joseph In Prison.

Antiquities Book 2, Chapter 5

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Josephus Antiquities Whiston

How Joseph When He Was Become Famous In Egypt, Had His Brethren In Subjection.

Antiquities Book 2, Chapter 6

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Josephus Antiquities Whiston

The Removal Of Joseph's Father With All His Family, To Him, On Account Of The Famine.

Antiquities Book 2, Chapter 7

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Josephus Antiquities Whiston

How The Hebrews Under The Conduct Of Moses Left Egypt.

Antiquities Book 2, Chapter 15

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Josephus Antiquities Whiston

How Moses When He Had Brought The People Out Of Egypt Led Them To Mount Sinai; But Not Till They Had Suffered Much In Their Journey.

Antiquities Book 3, Chapter 1

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Josephus Antiquities Whiston

How Moses Ascended Up To Mount Sinai, And Received Laws From God, And Delivered Them To The Hebrews.

Antiquities Book 3, Chapter 5

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Josephus Antiquities Whiston

The Manner Of Our Offering Sacrifices.

Antiquities Book 3, Chapter 9

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Josephus Antiquities Whiston

Of The Purifications.

Antiquities Book 3, Chapter 11

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Josephus Antiquities Whiston

How Moses Was Displeased At This, And Foretold That God Was Angry And That They Should Continue In The Wilderness For Forty Years And Not, During That Time, Either Return Into Egypt Or Take Possession Of Canaan.

Antiquities Book 3, Chapter 15

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Josephus Antiquities Whiston

How Those That Stirred Up This Sedition Were Destroyed, According To The Will Of God; And How Aaron, Moses's Brother Both He And His Posterity, Retained The Priesthood.

Antiquities Book 4, Chapter 3

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Josephus Antiquities Whiston

Concerning Balaam The Prophet And What Kind Of Man He Was.

Antiquities Book 4, Chapter 6

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Josephus Antiquities Whiston

The Polity Settled By Moses; And How He Disappeared From Among Mankind.

Antiquities Book 4, Chapter 8

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Josephus Antiquities Whiston

How Joshua, The Commander Of The Hebrews, Made War With The Canaanites, And Overcame Them, And Destroyed Them, And Divided Their Land By Lot To The Tribes Of Israel.

Antiquities Book 5, Chapter 1

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Josephus Antiquities Whiston

How Under Eli's Government Of The Israelites Booz Married Ruth, From Whom Came Obed The Grandfather Of David.

Antiquities Book 5, Chapter 9

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Josephus Antiquities Whiston

How David Fled To Ahimelech And Afterwards To The Kings Of The Philistines And Of The Moabites, And How Saul Slew Ahimelech And His Family.

Antiquities Book 6, Chapter 12

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Josephus Antiquities Whiston

How Saul Upon God's Not Answering Him Concerning The Fight With The Philistines Desired A Necromantic Woman To Raise Up The Soul Of Samuel To Him; And How He Died, With His Sons Upon The Overthrow Of The Hebrews In Battle.

Antiquities Book 6, Chapter 14

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Josephus Antiquities Whiston

How David Fell In Love With Bathsheba, And Slew Her Husband Uriah, For Which He Is Reproved By Nathan.

Antiquities Book 7, Chapter 7

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Josephus Antiquities Whiston

How Ahab When He Had Taken Jezebel To Wife Became More Wicked Than All The Kings That Had Been Before Him; Of The Actions Of The Prophet Elijah, And What Befell Naboth.

Antiquities Book 8, Chapter 13

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Josephus Antiquities Whiston

Jehoram Succeeds Jehoshaphat; How Joram, His Namesake, King Of Israel, Fought With The Syrians; And What Wonders Were Done By The Prophet Elisha.

Antiquities Book 9, Chapter 4

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Josephus Antiquities Whiston

Concerning Daniel And What Befell Him At Babylon.

Antiquities Book 10, Chapter 10

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Biblical Diet | Let's Talk Biblical | Episode 8

Does God care what we eat? Many believe the Biblical instructions about food no longer apply, but what does the Bible actually say? In this episode, we examine relevant Biblical passag…

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Case File

The Lie Most Christians Believe about food

Can we eat pork if it’s received with thanksgiving? Thanksgiving is coming up and many people like to eat ham at their Thanksgiving dinner in spite of the fact that the Bible forbids…

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Case File

The Truth About Pork

What is the purpose of clean and unclean animals, and did the food laws change in the New Testament? Many Christians believe that the food laws in the Bible have been abolished and tha…

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Case File

What the High Priest Really Did

Yom Kippur is a 24 hour period of fasting and prayer from the evening of the 9th to the evening of the 10th. Traditionally, Jews have understood to mean fasting from food and water, ab…

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Case File

Why Christians Get Peter’s Vision Wrong

Was Peter’s vision really about food? Acts 10 is often used as the "smoking gun" to argue that the dietary laws of the Torah have been abolished. Most of us were taught that when Pet…

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Case File

The Food Law Myth Christians Still Believe

Did Jesus really declare all foods clean? Most modern Bibles include a phrase in Mark 7:19 that suggests Jesus abolished the biblical food laws. But if you look at the original Greek a…

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Topic

FOOD

Nave’s Topical Bible references for FOOD.

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Topic

PRAYER BEFORE TAKING FOOD

Nave’s Topical Bible references for PRAYER BEFORE TAKING FOOD.

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Dictionary

Barley

A grain much cultivated in Egypt (Ex. 9:31) and in Palestine (Lev. 27:16; Deut. 8:8). It was usually the food of horses (1 Kings 4:28). Barley bread was used by the poorer people (Judg. 7:13; 2 Kings 4:42). Barley of the first crop was ready for the harvest by the time of the Passover, in the middle of April (Ruth 1:22; 2 Sam. 21:9). Mention is made of barley-meal (Num. 5:15). Our Lord fed five thousand with "five barley loaves and two small fishes" (John 6:9).

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Dictionary

Beast

This word is used of flocks or herds of grazing animals (Ex. 22:5; Num. 20:4, 8, 11; Ps. 78:48); of beasts of burden (Gen. 45:17); of eatable beasts (Prov. 9:2); and of swift beasts or dromedaries (Isa. 60:6). In the New Testament it is used of a domestic animal as property (Rev. 18:13); as used for food (1 Cor. 15:39), for service (Luke 10:34; Acts 23:24), and for sacrifice (Acts 7:42). When used in contradistinction to man (Ps. 36:6), it denotes a brute creature generally, and when in contradistinction to creeping things (Lev. 11:2-7; 27:26), a four-footed animal. The Mosaic law required that beasts of labour should have rest on the Sabbath (Ex. 20:10; 23:12), and in the Sabbatical year all cattle were allowed to roam about freely, and eat whatever grew in the fields (Ex. 23:11; Lev. 25:7). No animal could be castrated (Lev. 22:24). Animals of different kinds were to be always kept separate (Lev. 19:19; Deut. 22:10). Oxen when used in threshing were not to be prevented from eating what was within their reach (Deut. 25:4; 1 Cor. 9:9). This word is used figuratively of an infuriated multitude (1 Cor. 15:32; Acts 19:29; comp. Ps. 22:12, 16; Eccl. 3:18; Isa. 11:6-8), and of wicked men (2 Pet. 2:12). The four beasts of Daniel 7:3, 17, 23 represent four kingdoms or kings.

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Bethsaida

house of fruits, or of food, or of snares

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Bird

Birds are divided in the Mosaic law into two classes, (1) the clean (Lev. 1:14-17; 5:7-10; 14:4-7), which were offered in sacrifice; and (2) the unclean (Lev. 11:13-20). When offered in sacrifice, they were not divided as other victims were (Gen. 15:10). They are mentioned also as an article of food (Deut. 14:11). The art of snaring wild birds is referred to (Ps. 124:7; Prov. 1:17; 7:23; Jer. 5:27). Singing birds are mentioned in Ps. 104:12; Eccl. 12:4. Their timidity is alluded to (Hos. 11:11). The reference in Ps. 84:3 to the swallow and the sparrow may be only a comparison equivalent to, "What her house is to the sparrow, and her nest to the swallow, that thine altars are to my soul."

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Blood

(1.) As food, prohibited in Gen. 9:4, where the use of animal food is first allowed. Comp. Deut. 12:23; Lev. 3:17; 7:26; 17:10-14. The injunction to abstain from blood is renewed in the decree of the council of Jerusalem (Acts 15:29). It has been held by some, and we think correctly, that this law of prohibition was only ceremonial and temporary; while others regard it as still binding on all. Blood was eaten by the Israelites after the battle of Gilboa (1 Sam. 14:32-34). (2.) The blood of sacrifices was caught by the priest in a basin, and then sprinkled seven times on the altar; that of the passover on the doorposts and lintels of the houses (Ex. 12; Lev. 4:5-7; 16:14-19). At the giving of the law (Ex. 24:8) the blood of the sacrifices was sprinkled on the people as well as on the altar, and thus the people were consecrated to God, or entered into covenant with him, hence the blood of the covenant (Matt. 26:28; Heb. 9:19, 20; 10:29; 13:20). (3.) Human blood. The murderer was to be punished (Gen. 9:5). The blood of the murdered "crieth for vengeance" (Gen. 4:10). The "avenger of blood" was the nearest relative of the murdered, and he was required to avenge his death (Num. 35:24, 27). No satisfaction could be made for the guilt of murder (Num. 35:31). (4.) Blood used metaphorically to denote race (Acts 17:26), and as a symbol of slaughter (Isa. 34:3). To "wash the feet in blood" means to gain a great victory (Ps. 58:10). Wine, from its red colour, is called "the blood of the grape" (Gen. 49:11). Blood and water issued from our Saviour's side when it was pierced by the Roman soldier (John 19:34). This has led pathologists to the conclusion that the proper cause of Christ's death was rupture of the heart. (Comp. Ps. 69:20.)

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Bread

Among the Jews was generally made of wheat (Ex. 29:2; Judg. 6:19), though also sometimes of other grains (Gen. 14:18; Judg. 7:13). Parched grain was sometimes used for food without any other preparation (Ruth 2:14). Bread was prepared by kneading in wooden bowls or "kneading troughs" (Gen. 18:6; Ex. 12:34; Jer. 7:18). The dough was mixed with leaven and made into thin cakes, round or oval, and then baked. The bread eaten at the Passover was always unleavened (Ex. 12:15-20; Deut. 16:3). In the towns there were public ovens, which were much made use of for baking bread; there were also bakers by trade (Hos. 7:4; Jer. 37:21). Their ovens were not unlike those of modern times. But sometimes the bread was baked by being placed on the ground that had been heated by a fire, and by covering it with the embers (1 Kings 19:6). This was probably the mode in which Sarah prepared bread on the occasion referred to in Gen. 18:6. In Lev. 2 there is an account of the different kinds of bread and cakes used by the Jews. (See [77]BAKE.) The shew-bread (q.v.) consisted of twelve loaves of unleavened bread prepared and presented hot on the golden table every Sabbath. They were square or oblong, and represented the twelve tribes of Israel. The old loaves were removed every Sabbath, and were to be eaten only by the priests in the court of the sanctuary (Ex. 25:30; Lev. 24:8; 1 Sam. 21:1-6; Matt. 12:4). The word bread is used figuratively in such expressions as "bread of sorrows" (Ps. 127:2), "bread of tears" (80:5), i.e., sorrow and tears are like one's daily bread, they form so great a part in life. The bread of "wickedness" (Prov. 4:17) and "of deceit" (20:17) denote in like manner that wickedness and deceit are a part of the daily life.

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Calf

Calves were commonly made use of in sacrifices, and are therefore frequently mentioned in Scripture. The "fatted calf" was regarded as the choicest of animal food; it was frequently also offered as a special sacrifice (1 Sam. 28:24; Amos 6:4; Luke 15:23). The words used in Jer. 34:18, 19, "cut the calf in twain," allude to the custom of dividing a sacrifice into two parts, between which the parties ratifying a covenant passed (Gen. 15:9, 10, 17, 18). The sacrifice of the lips, i.e., priase, is called "the calves of our lips" (Hos. 14:2, R.V., "as bullocks the offering of our lips." Comp. Heb. 13:15; Ps. 116:7; Jer. 33:11). The golden calf which Aaron made (Ex. 32:4) was probably a copy of the god Moloch rather than of the god Apis, the sacred ox or calf of Egypt. The Jews showed all through their history a tendency toward the Babylonian and Canaanitish idolatry rather than toward that of Egypt. Ages after this, Jeroboam, king of Israel, set up two idol calves, one at Dan, and the other at Bethel, that he might thus prevent the ten tribes from resorting to Jerusalem for worship (1 Kings 12:28). These calves continued to be a snare to the people till the time of their captivity. The calf at Dan was carried away in the reign of Pekah by Tiglath-pileser, and that at Bethel ten years later, in the reign of Hoshea, by Shalmaneser (2 Kings 15:29; 17:33). This sin of Jeroboam is almost always mentioned along with his name (2 Kings 15:28 etc.).

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Cattle

Abounded in the Holy Land. To the rearing and management of them the inhabitants chiefly devoted themselves (Deut. 8:13; 12:21; 1 Sam. 11:5; 12:3; Ps. 144:14; Jer. 3:24). They may be classified as, (1.) Neat cattle. Many hundreds of these were yearly consumed in sacrifices or used for food. The finest herds were found in Bashan, beyond Jordan (Num. 32:4). Large herds also pastured on the wide fertile plains of Sharon. They were yoked to the plough (1 Kings 19:19), and were employed for carrying burdens (1 Chr. 12:40). They were driven with a pointed rod (Judg. 3:31) or goad (q.v.). According to the Mosaic law, the mouths of cattle employed for the threshing-floor were not to be muzzled, so as to prevent them from eating of the provender over which they trampled (Deut. 25:4). Whosoever stole and sold or slaughtered an ox must give five in satisfaction (Ex. 22:1); but if it was found alive in the possession of him who stole it, he was required to make double restitution only (22:4). If an ox went astray, whoever found it was required to bring it back to its owner (23:4; Deut. 22:1, 4). An ox and an ass could not be yoked together in the plough (Deut. 22:10). (2.) Small cattle. Next to herds of neat cattle, sheep formed the most important of the possessions of the inhabitants of Palestine (Gen. 12:16; 13:5; 26:14; 21:27; 29:2, 3). They are frequently mentioned among the booty taken in war (Num. 31:32; Josh. 6:21; 1 Sam. 14:32; 15:3). There were many who were owners of large flocks (1 Sam. 25:2; 2 Sam. 12:2, comp. Job 1:3). Kings also had shepherds "over their flocks" (1 Chr. 27:31), from which they derived a large portion of their revenue (2 Sam. 17:29; 1 Chr. 12:40). The districts most famous for their flocks of sheep were the plain of Sharon (Isa. 65: 10), Mount Carmel (Micah 7:14), Bashan and Gilead (Micah 7:14). In patriarchal times the flocks of sheep were sometimes tended by the daughters of the owners. Thus Rachel, the daughter of Laban, kept her father's sheep (Gen. 29:9); as also Zipporah and her six sisters had charge of their father Jethro's flocks (Ex. 2:16). Sometimes they were kept by hired shepherds (John 10:12), and sometimes by the sons of the family (1 Sam. 16:11; 17:15). The keepers so familiarized their sheep with their voices that they knew them, and followed them at their call. Sheep, but more especially rams and lambs, were frequently offered in sacrifice. The shearing of sheep was a great festive occasion (1 Sam. 25:4; 2 Sam. 13:23). They were folded at night, and guarded by their keepers against the attacks of the lion (Micah 5:8), the bear (1 Sam. 17:34), and the wolf (Matt. 10:16; John 10:12). They were liable to wander over the wide pastures and go astray (Ps. 119:176; Isa. 53:6; Hos. 4:16; Matt. 18:12). Goats also formed a part of the pastoral wealth of Palestine (Gen. 15:9; 32:14; 37:31). They were used both for sacrifice and for food (Deut. 14:4), especially the young males (Gen. 27:9, 14, 17; Judg. 6:19; 13:15; 1 Sam. 16:20). Goat's hair was used for making tent cloth (Ex. 26:7; 36:14), and for mattresses and bedding (1 Sam. 19:13, 16). (See [104]GOAT.)

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Dove's dung

(2 Kings 6:25) has been generally understood literally. There are instances in history of the dung of pigeons being actually used as food during a famine. Compare also the language of Rabshakeh to the Jews (2 Kings 18:27; Isa. 36:12). This name, however, is applied by the Arabs to different vegetable substances, and there is room for the opinion of those who think that some such substance is here referred to, as, e.g., the seeds of a kind of millet, or a very inferior kind of pulse, or the root of the ornithogalum, i.e., bird-milk, the star-of-Bethlehem.

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Food

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Hare

(Heb. arnebeth) was prohibited as food according to the Mosaic law (Lev. 11:6; Deut. 14:7), "because he cheweth the cud, but divideth not the hoof." The habit of this animal is to grind its teeth and move its jaw as if it actually chewed the cud. But, like the cony (q.v.), it is not a ruminant with four stomachs, but a rodent like the squirrel, rat, etc. Moses speaks of it according to appearance. It is interdicted because, though apparently chewing the cud, it did not divide the hoof. There are two species in Syria, (1) the Lepus Syriacus or Syrian hare, which is like the English hare; and (2) the Lepus Sinaiticus, or hare of the desert. No rabbits are found in Syria.

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Hart

(Heb. ayal), a stag or male deer. It is ranked among the clean animals (Deut. 12:15; 14:5; 15:22), and was commonly killed for food (1 Kings 4:23). The hart is frequently alluded to in the poetical and prophetical books (Isa. 35:6; Cant. 2:8, 9; Lam. 1:6; Ps. 42:1).

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Kid

The young of the goat. It was much used for food (Gen. 27:9; 38:17; Judg. 6:19; 14:6). The Mosaic law forbade to dress a kid in the milk of its dam, a law which is thrice repeated (Ex. 23:19; 34:26; Deut. 14:21). Among the various reasons assigned for this law, that appears to be the most satisfactory which regards it as "a protest against cruelty and outraging the order of nature." A kid cooked in its mother's milk is "a gross, unwholesome dish, and calculated to kindle animal and ferocious passions, and on this account Moses may have forbidden it. Besides, it is even yet associated with immoderate feasting; and originally, I suspect," says Dr. Thomson (Land and the Book), "was connected with idolatrous sacrifices."

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Knife

(1.) Heb. hereb, "the waster," a sharp instrument for circumcision (Josh. 5:2, 3, lit. "knives of flint;" comp. Ex. 4:25); a razor (Ezek. 5:1); a graving tool (Ex. 20:25); an axe (Ezek. 26:9). (2.) Heb. maakeleth, a large knife for slaughtering and cutting up food (Gen. 22:6, 10; Prov. 30:14). (3.) Heb. sakkin, a knife for any purpose, a table knife (Prov. 23:2). (4.) Heb. mahalaph, a butcher's knife for slaughtering the victims offered in sacrifice (Ezra 1:9). (5.) Smaller knives (Heb. ta'ar, Jer. 36:26) were used for sharpening pens. The pruning-knives mentioned in Isa. 18:5 (Heb. mizmaroth) were probably curved knives.

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Liver

(Heb. kabhed, "heavy;" hence the liver, as being the heaviest of the viscera, Ex. 29:13, 22; Lev. 3:4, 1, 10, 15) was burnt upon the altar, and not used as sacrificial food. In Ezek. 21:21 there is allusion, in the statement that the king of Babylon "looked upon the liver," to one of the most ancient of all modes of divination. The first recorded instance of divination (q.v.) is that of the teraphim of Laban. By the teraphim the LXX. and Josephus understood "the liver of goats." By the "caul above the liver," in Lev. 4:9; 7:4, etc., some understand the great lobe of the liver itself.

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Locust

There are ten Hebrew words used in Scripture to signify locust. In the New Testament locusts are mentioned as forming part of the food of John the Baptist (Matt. 3:4; Mark 1:6). By the Mosaic law they were reckoned "clean," so that he could lawfully eat them. The name also occurs in Rev. 9:3, 7, in allusion to this Oriental devastating insect. Locusts belong to the class of Orthoptera, i.e., straight-winged. They are of many species. The ordinary Syrian locust resembles the grasshopper, but is larger and more destructive. "The legs and thighs of these insects are so powerful that they can leap to a height of two hundred times the length of their bodies. When so raised they spread their wings and fly so close together as to appear like one compact moving mass." Locusts are prepared as food in various ways. Sometimes they are pounded, and then mixed with flour and water, and baked into cakes; "sometimes boiled, roasted, or stewed in butter, and then eaten." They were eaten in a preserved state by the ancient Assyrians. The devastations they make in Eastern lands are often very appalling. The invasions of locusts are the heaviest calamites that can befall a country. "Their numbers exceed computation: the hebrews called them the countless,' and the Arabs knew them as the darkeners of the sun.' Unable to guide their own flight, though capable of crossing large spaces, they are at the mercy of the wind, which bears them as blind instruments of Providence to the doomed region given over to them for the time. Innumerable as the drops of water or the sands of the seashore, their flight obscures the sun and casts a thick shadow on the earth (Ex. 10:15; Judg. 6:5; 7:12; Jer. 46:23; Joel 2:10). It seems indeed as if a great aerial mountain, many miles in breadth, were advancing with a slow, unresting progress. Woe to the countries beneath them if the wind fall and let them alight! They descend unnumbered as flakes of snow and hide the ground. It may be like the garden of Eden before them, but behind them is a desolate wilderness. At their approach the people are in anguish; all faces lose their colour' (Joel 2:6). No walls can stop them; no ditches arrest them; fires kindled in their path are forthwith extinguished by the myriads of their dead, and the countless armies march on (Joel 2:8, 9). If a door or a window be open, they enter and destroy everything of wood in the house. Every terrace, court, and inner chamber is filled with them in a moment. Such an awful visitation swept over Egypt (Ex. 10:1-19), consuming before it every green thing, and stripping the trees, till the land was bared of all signs of vegetation. A strong north-west wind from the Mediterranean swept the locusts into the Red Sea.", Geikie's Hours, etc., ii., 149.

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Manna

Heb. man-hu, "What is that?" the name given by the Israelites to the food miraculously supplied to them during their wanderings in the wilderness (Ex. 16:15-35). The name is commonly taken as derived from man, an expression of surprise, "What is it?" but more probably it is derived from manan, meaning "to allot," and hence denoting an "allotment" or a "gift." This "gift" from God is described as "a small round thing," like the "hoar-frost on the ground," and "like coriander seed," "of the colour of bdellium," and in taste "like wafers made with honey." It was capable of being baked and boiled, ground in mills, or beaten in a mortar (Ex. 16:23; Num. 11:7). If any was kept over till the following morning, it became corrupt with worms; but as on the Sabbath none fell, on the preceding day a double portion was given, and that could be kept over to supply the wants of the Sabbath without becoming corrupt. Directions concerning the gathering of it are fully given (Ex. 16:16-18, 33; Deut. 8:3, 16). It fell for the first time after the eighth encampment in the desert of Sin, and was daily furnished, except on the Sabbath, for all the years of the wanderings, till they encamped at Gilgal, after crossing the Jordan, when it suddenly ceased, and where they "did eat of the old corn of the land; neither had the children of Israel manna any more" (Josh. 5:12). They now no longer needed the "bread of the wilderness." This manna was evidently altogether a miraculous gift, wholly different from any natural product with which we are acquainted, and which bears this name. The manna of European commerce comes chiefly from Calabria and Sicily. It drops from the twigs of a species of ash during the months of June and July. At night it is fluid and resembles dew, but in the morning it begins to harden. The manna of the Sinaitic peninsula is an exudation from the "manna-tamarisk" tree (Tamarix mannifera), the el-tarfah of the Arabs. This tree is found at the present day in certain well-watered valleys in the peninsula of Sinai. The manna with which the people of Israel were fed for forty years differs in many particulars from all these natural products. Our Lord refers to the manna when he calls himself the "true bread from heaven" (John 6:31-35; 48-51). He is also the "hidden manna" (Rev. 2:17; comp. John 6:49, 51).

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Mess

A portion of food given to a guest (Gen. 43:34; 2 Sam. 11:8).

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Pottage

Heb. nazid, "boiled", a dish of boiled food, as of lentils (Gen. 25:29; 2 Kings 4:38).

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Pulse

(Dan. 1:12, 16), R.V. "herbs," vegetable food in general.

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Pygarg

Heb. dishon, "springing", (Deut. 14:5), one of the animals permitted for food. It is supposed to be the Antelope addax. It is described as "a large animal, over 3 1/2 feet high at the shoulder, and, with its gently-twisted horns, 2 1/2 feet long. Its colour is pure white, with the exception of a short black mane, and a tinge of tawny on the shoulders and back.", Tristram's Natural History. __________________________________________________________________

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Raven

Heb. orebh, from a root meaning "to be black" (comp. Cant. 5:11); first mentioned as "sent forth" by Noah from the ark (Gen. 8:7). "Every raven after his kind" was forbidden as food (Lev. 11:15; Deut. 14:14). Ravens feed mostly on carrion, and hence their food is procured with difficulty (Job 38:41; Ps. 147:9). When they attack kids or lambs or weak animals, it is said that they first pick out the eyes of their victims (Prov. 30:17). When Elijah was concealed by the brook Cherith, God commanded the ravens to bring him "bread and flesh in the morning, and bread and flesh in the evening" (1 Kings 17:3-6). (See [522]ELIJAH.) There are eight species of ravens in Palestine, and they are everywhere very numerous in that land.

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Roe

(Heb. tsebi), properly the gazelle (Arab. ghazal), permitted for food (Deut. 14:5; comp. Deut. 12:15, 22; 15:22; 1 Kings 4:23), noted for its swiftness and beauty and grace of form (2 Sam. 2:18; 1 Chr. 12:8; Cant. 2:9; 7:3; 8:14). The gazelle (Gazella dorcas) is found in great numbers in Palestine. "Among the gray hills of Galilee it is still the roe upon the mountains of Bether,' and I have seen a little troop of gazelles feeding on the Mount of Olives close to Jerusalem itself" (Tristram). The Hebrew word (ayyalah) in Prov. 5: 19 thus rendered (R.V., "doe"), is properly the "wild she-goat," the mountain goat, the ibex. (See 1 Sam. 24:2; Ps. 104:18; Job 39:1.)

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Salt

Used to season food (Job 6:6), and mixed with the fodder of cattle (Isa. 30:24, "clean;" in marg. of R.V. "salted"). All meat-offerings were seasoned with salt (Lev. 2:13). To eat salt with one is to partake of his hospitality, to derive subsistence from him; and hence he who did so was bound to look after his host's interests (Ezra 4:14, "We have maintenance from the king's palace;" A.V. marg., "We are salted with the salt of the palace;" R.V., "We eat the salt of the palace"). A "covenant of salt" (Num. 18:19; 2 Chr. 13:5) was a covenant of perpetual obligation. New-born children were rubbed with salt (Ezek. 16:4). Disciples are likened unto salt, with reference to its cleansing and preserving uses (Matt. 5:13). When Abimelech took the city of Shechem, he sowed the place with salt, that it might always remain a barren soil (Judg. 9:45). Sir Lyon Playfair argues, on scientific grounds, that under the generic name of "salt," in certain passages, we are to understand petroleum or its residue asphalt. Thus in Gen. 19:26 he would read "pillar of asphalt;" and in Matt. 5:13, instead of "salt," "petroleum," which loses its essence by exposure, as salt does not, and becomes asphalt, with which pavements were made. The Jebel Usdum, to the south of the Dead Sea, is a mountain of rock salt about 7 miles long and from 2 to 3 miles wide and some hundreds of feet high.

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Washing

(Mark 7:1-9). The Jews, like other Orientals, used their fingers when taking food, and therefore washed their hands before doing so, for the sake of cleanliness. Here the reference is to the ablutions prescribed by tradition, according to which "the disciples ought to have gone down to the side of the lake, washed their hands thoroughly, rubbing the fist of one hand in the hollow of the other, then placed the ten finger-tips together, holding the hands up, so that any surplus water might flow down to the elbow, and thence to the ground.'" To neglect to do this had come to be regarded as a great sin, a sin equal to the breach of any of the ten commandments. Moses had commanded washings oft, but always for some definite cause; but the Jews multiplied the legal observance till they formed a large body of precepts. To such precepts about ceremonial washing Mark here refers. (See [663]ABLUTION.)

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Food

Concordance

Food

Foods

Genesis 51

Exodus 25

Leviticus 28

Numbers 10

Deuteronomy 17

Joshua 2